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اے۔ کے ۔ بروہی

اے ۔ کے ۔ بروہی
ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے علمی حلقوں میں یہ خبر نہایت افسوس کے ساتھ سنی گئی کہ بین الاقوامی شہرت کے قانون داں اور عالم جناب اے۔ کے۔ بروہی جن کا پورا نام اﷲ بخش بروہی تھا، گزشتہ ستمبر میں عارضہ قلب میں انتقال فرما گئے، ان کی میت لندن سے کراچی لائی گئی، ان کی عمر ۷۲ سال کی تھی، مرحوم کے بارے میں یہ بالکل درست ہے کہ پیشہ کے لحاظ سے وہ قانون داں تربیت کے لحاظ سے فلسفی اور مزاج کے لحاظ سے دیندار تھے، ان کی قوت گویائی اعلیٰ درجہ کی تھی، ۱۹۶۰؁ء میں وہ پاکستان کے ہائی کمشنر ہوکر ہندوستان آئے، ان ہی دنوں ایک انڈوپاک کلچرل کانفرنس دلی میں منعقد ہوئی، جس میں پاکستان کے چوٹی کے ادیب، شاعر اور دانشور بھی آئے ہوئے تھے، افتتاحیہ جلسہ میں وزیراعظم جواہر لال نہرو شریک تھے، وہ بہت تھکے تھکے معلوم ہورہے تھے لیکن جب بروہی صاحب تقریر کرنے لگے تو وہ ہمہ تن گوش ہوگئے۔
بروہی صاحب نے اسلام آباد میں انٹرنیشنل یونیورسٹی قائم کی جس کے وہ پہلے ریکٹر ہوئے، پاکستان کی نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین تھے، جس کی وجہ سے حکومت نے انھیں سفیر کا درجہ دے رکھا تھا، وہ انگریزی میں کئی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے۔ نیشنل ہجرۃ کونسل کے چیرمین کی حیثیت سے وہ اسلام سے متعلق ایک سو اعلیٰ معیار کی کتابیں مرتب کرانے میں مصروف تھے، ان کتابوں کے انتخاب کے لئے ایک کمیٹی مقرر کی گئی ہے، جس کے ایک رکن مرحوم سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن بھی تھے۔ (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، جنوری ۱۹۸۸ء)

 

Prognostic Significance of Cellular Iron Metabolism in Breast Cancer

Breast carcinoma is among the most common malignancy in women. Objective: Aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of iron expression in the biopsies of patients with breast cancer. Methods: 24 breast biopsies were studied. 19 cases were poorly differentiated, 5 cases were moderately differentiated and there was no well differentiated case. Iron, Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining was performed for all these cases. Results: Among the 5 moderately differentiated cases, 3 (60%) were positive for iron staining and among 19 poorly differentiated cases, 11 cases (57.89%) were positive. More iron positive cases (7 out of 14) were triple positive belonging to Luminal B class. Out of 14 iron positive cases, 11 were positive for HER2, 10 for ER, 9 for PR and all positive for Ki-67. Conclusions: Iron deficiency in premenopausal and overload in post-menopausal women can contribute to the development of breast carcinoma. So, iron can be considered as a cheap and effective marker for the prognosis of breast cancer. Association between a risein iron levels and HER2 expression may providenewstrategy for breast cancer treatment.

Genetic Engineering of Potato for Broad Spectrum Resistance Against Rna Viruses

Pathogens and pests always have been and still is a potential threat to agricultural production worldwide. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is nutritionally a balanced staple food; therefore, it has potential to minimize the pressure on cereal crops in Pakistan. Viral diseases are major problem in stable crop production, especially in vegetative propagated plants such as potato where diseases are easily transmitted from one clonal generation to the next. Conventional methods of virus control are limited to use of virus-free seed tubers and chemical control of insect vectors. However, development of resistant cultivar is the only effective, economical and environmentally safe method of disease control. The use of RNA silencing has become the tool of choice for gene silencing in many crop species. The key element of this technology is the discovery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), diced into small interfering RNAs (siRNA), which is a potent trigger for RNA silencing. By arranging transgenes as inverted repeats encoding self-complementary hairpin RNA (hpRNA), which is diced into siRNA after transcription, it is possible to obtain strong silencing of expression of homologous RNA. Using this technology efficient simultaneous knock-down of multiple genes of three different viruses have been achieved by using a single RNAi construct in potato. In this study, the transgenic resistance in potato was obtained based on the construction of hairpin RNA plant expression cassettes I and II containing the sequences of different genes of three important potato viruses. The cassette I containing the short sequences of Nucleocide Triphosphate binding helicase (NTP) gene of Potato Virus X (PVX), Helper Component Protease (HC-Pro) gene of Potato Virus Y (PVY) and Coat Protein (CP) gene of Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV), while the expression cassette II contains the sequences of CP genes of PVX, PVY and PLRV. The sense and anti-sense fragments of these genes were fused separately to form a chimeric N gene and arranged in an RNAi vector as inverted repeats, under the CaMV 35S promoter, separated by intron. These expression cassettes were transformed separately in potato cv Kuroda and Desiree through Agrobacterium mediated transformation by using Agrobacterium tumefacience strain LBA 4404. Fourteen independent transgenic lines of each cassette were developed and transferred to containment after analysis of T0 transgenic plants by PCR and Southern hybridization for the presence of transgenes. The transgenic expression of these cassettes showed that up to 20 % of the transformed plant lines were resistant and 46 % were tolerant to all three viruses. The analysis of the resistant plants showed accumulation of siRNA as compared to susceptible transgenic and non-transformed control plants. This indicates that the resistance is due to simultaneous RNA silencing of the three target genes in each construct. Overall, the work presented here demonstrates a simple procedure to obtain broad spectrum virus resistance in two commercial potato cultivars Kuroda and Desiree by RNA silencing technology. At present, another independent study is being conducted to multiply and evaluate the field performance of putative transgenic potato lines after obtaining approval of National Biosafety Committee (NBC) of Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Government of Pakistan. In future, studies to improve frequency of developing multiple virus resistant plants could be attempted by extending the transgenes construct with a large number of smaller fragments of target genes. Moreover, it is possible that present strategy can be extended to other plant species to obtain broad spectrum resistance against many other devastating
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