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تنقید کیا ہے۔

تنقید:
تنقید عربی زبان کا لفظ ہے۔ جس کے عام معنی اخراج کے ہیں۔نورالغات میں مولوی نورالحسن نے اس کی تعریف یوں کی ہے:
"کھوٹا کھرا پرکھنا یا جانچ کرنا۔ایسی جانچ جو ضعیف اور مشکوک چیزوں کو الگ کردے یعنی اچھے اور برے کی تمیز کرنا"
اردو ادب میں اس کے مترادف لفظ تنقید استعمال ہوتا ہے لیکن انگریزی میں اس کے مترادف لفظ Criticism استعمال ہوتا ہے۔بعض اوقات اس کے لیے نقد یا انتقاد کے الفاظ بھی استعمال کیے جاتے ہیں۔حامداللہ افسرنے اسی تناظر میں اپنی کتاب "تنقیدی اصول و نظریے" پہلے نقد الادب کے نام سے شائع کی۔ان کی ایک کتاب" انتقاد" اور دوسری "اصول انتقاد ادبیات" کے نام سے شائع ہوئی لیکن ہمارے معاشرے میں اکثریت کے ساتھ چلنا پڑتا ہے۔لہذا حامداللہ افسر اس نتیجے پر پہنچے کہ چونکہ اکثریت اس طرف جا رہی ہے تو میں چونکہ اس کو نام نقد یا انتقاد دینا چاہ رہا ہوں تو شاید کامیاب نہ ہو سکوں تو انہوں نے اپنی کتاب کا نام تبدیل کیا اور اسی کتاب کو پھر شائع کیا اور اس کا نام رکھا" تنقیدی اصول و نظریے"۔
حامد اللہ افسر کی اس کے بارے میں رائے یہ ہے کہ وہ کیوں اس طرف آئے۔وہ کہتے ہیں :
"لفظ تنقید عربی صرف و نحو کے اعتبار سے صحیح نہیں ہے جس کی جگہ نقد یا انتقاد ہونا چاہیئے۔لیکن اردو ادب میں اب یہ لفظ رائج ہو گیا ہے۔اس کی جگہ کسی دوسریلفظ کا استعمال مناسب نہ ہوگا۔جہاں تک اردو زبان کا سوال ہے اسے صحیح سمجھنا چاہیئے۔"
ادبی اصطلاحات کا تعارف" کے صفحہ 167 پر مصنف ابوالاعجاز صدیقی کی رائے یہ ہے :
"تنقید اصل میں کسی بھی فن پارے کو ذاتی پسندو ناپسند سے بالا ہو کر پرکھنے اور جانچنیکا نام ہے۔تنقید کسی ادب کے فنی محاسن کی پرکھ کا نام ہے"

عالمى معاشى افكار اور اسلامى معاشى فكر

This article aims to present a concise overview regarding global economic ideas and its historical development with brief evaluation of capitalism and communism as well as question of laissez-faire and concept of ownership in relation to Islamic economic thought. What are the rudiments, fundamentals and historical sketch of these systems? Measuring them analytically vis-à-vis their comparative examination has been taken into account to visit the characteristics of prevailing as well as outdated and nonoperational economic systems. As capitalism emphasis on eagerness to find wealth where billionaires are about to getting more and more ignoring various other ethical perspectives and paying no attention to the poor classes of society. Communism claiming equality remained also not compatible to sustain around the globe as a balanced and stable system. At the end this article predicts that other than Islamic economic thought no system may fulfill the natural need of global economy and it also recommends that Islamic Scholars have to present an alternative full-fledged practical model for economics.

Linguistic Market Nad Education: Exploring Attitudes of Madrassa Students and Teachers Towards English Language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

English language is a symbolic capital and an asset in linguistic market. Its contribution in the determination of professional career is considerable. At national level, it can divide or unite a nation. At global level, it has become lingua franca for most of the political, economic, social interactions and working language of international organizations. In Pakistan, it enjoys wide recognition and is a principal means of communication and business. It is also viewed as the language of opportunities. The government takes necessary measures to facilitate its learning in educational institutions yet madrassas lag behind in its implementation contrary to the needs of the professional job market. The purpose of this study was to investigate the teaching situation in madrassas; to probe English language attitudes of madrassa students and teachers; and to look into the possibilities of related reforms in the curriculum. Based on 42 qualitative in-depth interviews conducted in six purposively selected madrassas in the three districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the findings revealed positive attitudes and willingness to accept the language as part of the curriculum. It was also revealed that the language was not active part of the curriculum owing to the lack of financial resources for provision of books and trained teachers. The study further revealed that the government did not give proper attention to curricular reforms in madrassas. Along with discriminatory attitude of the government, the dominance of conservative anti-western religious elite and the narrow worldview of madrassa authorities alongside poverty and ignorance also contributed to the situation. As part of policy measures, the findings revealed the need for confidence building measures to bridge the gulf between the state’s authorities and religious scholars; attention to the academic requirements of madrassa students; funding for meeting their immediate needs; executive measures to identify, isolate and then target the selected few religious institutions that spread sectarianism and hatred. Further, the government needed to appreciate the socio-educational role of madrassas, to treat them at par with other educational institutions and to enter into a dialogue with reputed scholars at national level for mainstreaming religious education through English language reforms that would provide a fair chance to the graduates in the job market and thus would be a good step forward in bringing madrassas into the mainstream education system.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

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