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اقبال سہیل

اقبال سہیلؔ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اقبال سہیلؔ بھی چل بسے ۔وہ مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کے باقیاتِ صالحات اور اُس عہد کی دیرینہ روایات کے حاملین میں سے تھے۔غیر معمولی ذہین وذکی تھے ۔فارسی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں کے بلند پایہ شاعر تھے۔ وہ اگر وکیل نہ ہوتے یامزاج لااُبالی نہ ہوتا توعلم وادب کے میدان میں ان کی شہ سواری کا مقابلہ بہت کم لوگ کرسکتے تھے ۔طبیعت حددرجہ دقیقہ رس اور دماغ بڑا نکتہ آفریں پایاتھا۔ نغز گوئی کے ساتھ اشعار میں روانی غضَب کی ہوتی تھی۔ غزلوں اور نظموں کے علاوہ انھوں نے جو نعتیہ نظمیں لکھی ہیں وہ بھی بڑے معرکہ کی ہیں، نثر بھی بہت اچھی لکھتے تھے ۔اگر کوئی صاحب اُن کے مضامین ِ نثر و نظم کو مرتب کرکے یک جا شائع کردیں تویہ اردو ادب کی مفید اورلائقِ قدر خدمت ہوگی۔ورنہ ان ادبی جواہر پاروں کے ضائع ہوجانے کا اندیشہ ہے ۔حق تعالیٰ مغفرت وبخشش کے فضل ِ خاص سے نوازے ۔ [دسمبر۱۹۵۵ء]

 

Social Media and Cyber-Jihad in Pakistan

The Internet and social media are part of today’s battlefield between the forces of liberalism and those of extremism, at least in Pakistan. Both forces are jostling for using—and controlling—the Internet and social media to make themselves heard and silence the opposition. This paper looks into how extremist forces appropriate the Internet and social media to get their message out, sway public opinion in their favor and seek new recruits. It also examines the potentials of social media for civic activism in Pakistan and how the misuse of blasphemy laws in Pakistan’s constitution stifles liberal voices on the Internet and social media. This paper discusses the concept of blasphemy in Islam, their incorporation in the legal system of Pakistan and their impact on the freedom of expression. This paper concludes that an effective use of social media is contingent on at least three things: 1) Literacy 2) access to the Internet and social media tools and 3) media laws and policies that guarantee freedom of expression and access to information. These are essential for the creation of a vibrant public sphere, which can then be strengthened by using social media as a long-term tool. Without freedom of expression, liberal forces cannot make full use of social media for promoting democracy and rights of minority groups.

A Study of the Developments in Monolingual Urdu Lexicography

The present study focuses on the developments in monolingual Urdu Lexicography. The main focus is on the developments in the megastructure and microstructure of the four major types of Urdu dictionaries categorized as: general purpose, pedagogical, LSP, and historical dictionaries. The research aims at finding out the developments in the inclusion of structural features in these dictionaries. The study examines and analyzes four types of dictionaries of Urdu based on four different check lists. The approach of documentary analysis is employed to carry out this descriptive type of research. To draw a checklist about the information in a dictionary, the studies of Bergenholtz & Tarp (1995), Hausmann and Wiegand (1989), Hartmann (1983, 2001), Bowker (2003), Jackson (2002), Landau (2001), Bejoint (2000) and Ahmad (2009) were taken into consideration. Different features of megastructure including contents, preface/introduction, user’s guide, list of abbreviations, pronunciation symbols, encyclopedic note, list of headwords (macrostructure), index, appendices, information label; and the features of microstructure including head word, spellings, pronunciation, inflections, word class, senses, definition/s, example/s, usage, cross reference, illustrations, run-ons, and etymology are used for analysis. The analysis reveals that general purpose, pedagogical and LSP dictionaries demonstrate no or least developments. They use limited outside matter, as they are deficient in providing the user’s guide, encyclopedic information and notes on language. In the back matter of pedagogical dictionaries, the list of defining vocabulary is not included. The information provided in microstructure of these dictionaries is also very vilimited. The technique of defining the headwords has not developed properly. Other related sections like the list of abbreviations, illustrations, and usage labels, are also missing in these types of dictionaries. However, the research reveals that the historical dictionaries have developed over the years. The compilers of the latest dictionary of this type have considered all the modern lexicographic needs of the users and have successfully brought the developments in the structure of the monolingual historical Urdu dictionaries.
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