Search from the Journals, Articles, and Headings
Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

چوتھا باب: کتب مقدسہ

تنخ

باب چہارم کے اہم نکات

  1. یہودی کتب مقدسہ کا تعارف۔
  2. مصنفہ و زبانی قانون میں فرق۔
  3. عبرانی بائیبل اور اس کے تراجم کا تعارف، تاریخ اور اہمیت۔
  4. مشنا، جیمارا ور تلمود کا تعارف۔
  5. ہلاخا کی تاریخ و اہمیت۔
  6. اپاکرفا، مدراش، زوہر اور سیدور کا تعارف۔

 

مذہبی یہودی اس بات پر یقین رکھتے ہیں کہ ان کی رہنمائی کے لیے خدا نے متعدد کتابیں نازل کیں۔ یہ کتب خدا کے الفاظ ہیں جو مختلف ادوار میں مختلف انبیا و رسل پر نازل ہوئے۔ چنانچہ وہ ان کتب کو یہودی مذہب کی بنیاد مانتے ہیں۔ یہودیوں کے تمام فرقے ان کتب کی عزت کرتے ہیں، تاہم معنی اخذ کرنے اور تشریحات میں دیگر مذاہب کے پیروکاروں کی طرح ان میں بھی اختلاف پایا جاتا ہے جو مذہبی نقطہ نظر سے کافی اہمیت کا حامل ہے

 

 دریائے نیل کے کنارے اگنے والے نرسل کی طرح کے پودے سے بنائے گئے کاغذ جسے پیپرس/پپائرس/قرطاس مصری کہا جاتا ہے یا جانوروں کی چمڑی سے بنے کاغذ پر انہیں مختلف ادوار میں مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا۔ ہاتھ سے لکھی جانے والی ان کتب میں کاتبین نئے مشمولات بھی شامل کرتے رہے، مثلاً "کتابِ یسعیاہ" چونکہ تین مختلف ادوار سے متعلق ہے اس لیے کہا جاتا ہے کہ اسے تین مختلف لوگوں نے لکھا ہے۔ زیادہ تر محققین کا خیال ہے کہ تقریبا 400 قبل مسیح تک ان کتب کی تکمیل ہوتی رہی ہے۔[1] ان میں سے بیشتر کتب کی زبان عبرانی ہے جبکہ کچھ کتابیں آرامی زبان میں بھی لکھی گئیں ہیں۔ آرامی ذخیرہ الفاظ میں عبرانی سے ملتی جلتی ہے لیکن گرائمر اور لغوی اعتبار سے مختلف ہے۔۔ جلاوطنی سے پہلے تک یہ کتب...

أثر السياق في الجمع بين الروايات الحديثية للموضوع الواحد

The Sunnah is a revelation from Allaah, and the Holy Prophet ( peace be upon Him ) addressed through it, His companions transferred it to narrators. The Hadith is narrated through many ways, so there is a difference between the words of the HadIth narrated by different narrators. It can not be construed to prove judgment. To understand meanings of different narrations of  same Hadith, the correct way is to collect  of these narrations, study the words of each narration, contemplation in all ways of speech and the difference of words, weighting among them, and then build a judgment on the most likely narrations through contextual study. This research reveals how Context plays an important role in reaching to correct meaning of the issue, the balance between words, the weightiness of the issue, and the removal of Suspicions.

An Evaluation of Early Childhood Special Education Program of Government Deaf & Defective Hearing School in Punjab

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate Early Childhood Special Education (ECSE) program of Government Deaf & Defective Hearing Schools (GDDHS) in Punjab. To serve this purpose, I conducted an in depth review of literature. Robert Stake‟s Countenance Model, being more suitable for the evaluation of educational programs was selected. According to this model, the ECSE program was evaluated following antecedents---transactions----outcomes pattern. The population of study included principals, special education teachers, young children with deafness, and their parents from all 34 Government Deaf & Defective Hearing Schools working in 31 districts of the Punjab province. A representative sample of principals, special education teachers, young children with deafness (YCWD), and their parents was taken according to the requirements of the study. Depending on the nature, and keeping the objectives and questions of the study in view, certain questionnaires, structured interviews, and achievement tests were prepared. To evaluate the ECSE program for young children with deafness at the antecedents phase, two instruments including: demographic information sheet about young children with deafness, and a structured interview schedule for principals were developed. Curriculum being taught to young children with deafness in GDDHS was also reviewed. At the transaction phase, three instruments including two questionnaires on instructional practices of special education teachers, and their opinions about parental involvement in the education of their young children with deafness, and one structured interview schedule for parents to know their satisfaction on and involvement in the provision of early childhood special education to their young children with deafness were developed. At the outcome phase, eight achievement tests on writing (Urdu & English), mathematics, reading recognition (Urdu & English), speech reading (Urdu & English), and speech were prepared. I collected all data personally. Analysis and interpretation of the collected data were performed in chapter IV applying descriptive and statistical techniques including frequency distribution of responses, t-test, and ANOVA. Qualitative data including review of ECSE curriculum, and interviews were analyzed using narrative technique, and transcribing, coding, and deriving themes which were, subsequently, analyzed on SPSS. The major findings revealed that ECSE program was not fulfilling its objectives of mobilizing parents, professionals, community, and other stakeholders for early detection and intervention of young children with deafness, providing ECSE to all children with deafness from 3-8 years old, teaching Urdu, English, and mathematics to make them functionally literate, preparing them for inclusive education through developing their speech, speech reading, language, communication, and auditory skills. Curriculum for ECSE was not up to the standard. No significant difference was found among instructional practices adopted by special education teachers. Their opinions about parental involvement in the education of their young children with deafness did not show significant difference except on the basis of their academic qualifications. Interviews with parents reflected their less satisfaction on and less involvement in the provision of ECSE to their young children with deafness. The results of achievement tests showed a significant difference in the performance of children with deafness in a deaf school located in Zone IV as compared to other three zones. The reasons included the excessive number of young children with deafness in classes, their late admissions, most of the children having congenital deafness and profound degree of hearing loss, unavailability of hearing aids, lack of additional coaching at home, most of the parents with poor socioeconomic status, and having more than one child with deafness, no plan of action for mobilization of parents, community, and other stake holders, lack of teacher training courses on ECSE, absence of the component of parental training, unavailability of text and work books, lapses in the implementation of inclusive education project, lack of teaching staff in schools, and deficiencies in the ECSE curriculum. All these were proving obstacles in achieving the objectives of ECSE program. On the basis of major findings it was recommended that to maintain quality, restricted number of young children with deafness should be kept in one class. Early detection and intervention, and admissions of children in schools at an early age should be ensured through media campaigns, pamphlets, banners, and visits to remote areas. The parents should be involved in the educational planning and decision making related to the placement of their children in future. Inter family marriages should be avoided. Hearing aids should be provided to all young children with deafness, and their regular use and maintenance should be ensured through developing a monitoring system. Training programs for teachers and parents should be arranged on regular basis. The serious issues of unavailability of text and work books, unimplementation of inclusive education plans, and development of curriculum of K.G.I and K.G.II should be resolved on emergent basis. The instructional practices adopted by the special education teachers should be improved and monitored.
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.