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مولانا صلاح الدین احمد

مولانا صلاح الدین احمد صاحب
مولانا صلاح الدین احمد صاحب اردو کے صاحب طرز ادیب بلکہ ادیب گر تھے، ان کے فیضِ تربیت سے بہت سے نوجوانوں میں اردو زبان و ادب کا صحیح مذاق پیدا ہوا، ان کی پوری زندگی علم و ادب کی خدمت میں گذری، وہ بجائے خود ایک ’’ادبی دنیا‘‘ تھے، ان کا نام اردو ادب کی تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان تینوں اصحاب کمال کی مغفرت فرمائے۔
(شاہ معین الدین ندوی، اگست ۱۹۶۴ء)

 

Financial Deteriorated Indicators in “The Domestic Crusaders” by Wajahat Ali

This research is based on the economic crisis in Wajahat Ali’s “The Domestic Crusaders” suffered by women through a Marxist feminist lens. Marx propounded the theory with his friend Fredrick Angels. Marxist feminism critiques capitalism as a system that exploits labor alienates people, and debases freedom. It emphasizes that women cannot achieve empowerment within capitalism and rejects treating women as separate groups. The focus of this research is to highlight the crisis under the influence of capitalism controlled by men. Wajahat Ali has presented the miserable plight of the Muslim American family under the influence of domestic colonization, acculturation, and supremacy. The results of this research show that the intergenerational gap between these three generations leads them towards crisis, fewer jobs and inflation is the other reason for the crisis. The major practice-restricted policies by homeland security have left no space among the family members with these unbearable crises. As a whole, this play is the depiction of a Muslim American family who has a jumbled experience under the squeeze of not only the economic snatchers but dealt with crisis also.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Biomarkers Using Genexpert® on Core Biopsy-A Retrospective Laboratory Based Validation Study.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women worldwide. It is a significant cause of cancer related morbidity and mortality among Kenyan women. Evaluation of Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), and Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast cancer tissue is standard of care as these biomarkers have been shown to have both prognostic and predictive utility. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is the gold standard for evaluation of ER/PR/HER2, but its availability in Kenya is limited due to the high operational cost. There have been recent developments in alternative cheaper and readily accessible molecular based testing platforms for ER/PR/HER2. The GeneXpert®’s Breast Cancer Stratifier (BCS), is a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) simple cartridge based assay developed by Cepheid Inc that quantifies mRNA expression of ER, PR, HER2, and Ki-67,(a marker of proliferation). The study aimed to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV) and accuracy of the BCS assay for ER/PR/HER2 in breast cancer tissue core biopsies compared to IHC. The association of Ki-67 expression as tested by the BCS assay and IHC with tumor grade and mitotic counts was also evaluated. Methods: Core biopsy slides and Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of pathologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosed between April 2016 and January 2018, were retrieved from the archives at Aga Khan University’s Department of Pathology. Haematoylin and Eosin (H&E) and IHC slides for ER/PR/HER2 were reviewed and the appropriate block selected for nucleic acid extraction. Tissue scrolls were cut at 10um and a single step nucleic acid extraction performed according to the BCS assay protocol. The BCS cartridges were loaded with the extracted RNA and run on the GeneXpert® instrument. Data Management and Analysis: Data from both the BCS assay and IHC was entered on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for each marker and transferred to SPSS version 20 (IBM corporation). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV with 95% CI was analyzed from a 2X2 table. Kappa statistics and percentage agreement between the two tests was calculated. Diagnostic odd’s ratio was calculated as a measure of association of Ki-67 to the Nottingham tumor grade and mitotic counts. Results: A total of 162 breast cancer core biopsies were analysed. The predominant histologic type and grade was grade 2 Ductal carcinoma. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy for each marker on the BCS was as follows: 86.96%, 94.74%, 98.04%, 70.59% and 88.89%
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