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14 سدھراں ماری

سدھراں ماری

 

                ایہہ فوٹو رضیہ دی منگنی دی اے۔ رضیہ شرمائی ہوئی نمھا جہیا ھاسا بلھیاں اتے سجائی، نیویاں نظراں کیتاں ہوئیاں بہت ای سوہنی لگ رہی سی۔ علی رضیہ ول ویکھ کے ہس رہیا سی۔ ایہہ فوٹو اوس ویلے کچھی گئی سی جدوں علی نے منگنی دی مندری رضیہ دے گورے گورے ہتھ دی کومل تے نازک انگلی وچ پائی۔ رضیہ دی حیاتی دی شاید ایہہ پہلی تے آخری خوشی سی۔ کیوں جے رضیہ ہمیش ای ساڈے نال اپنی بدقسمتی دارونا روندی سی۔ ہمیش آکھدی ’’میری قسمت ہمیشہ مینوں ہرا دیندی اے۔ جیویں شیشہ پتھر نال ٹکڑاکے چور چور ہوجاندا اے ایویں ای میری حیاتی وی شیشے وانگ بدقسمتی دے پتھر نال کھیہ کھیہ کے دن بدن مکدی جارہی اے۔‘‘

                رضیہ اپنے طالب علمی دے زمانے وچ ہمیش اپنیاں کلاس فیلوز توں اگے نکلنا چاہندی سی۔ پر کسے نہ کسے کارن اوہ اجہیا نہ کر سکی جیویں پچھلے سال نویں جماعت دے شروع وچ ای اوہنے کلاس وچ فسٹ آون لئی ات دی محنت شروع کردتی۔ پر امتحاناں توں ایک مہینا پہلاں اوہ اینی بیمار ہوئی کہ کتاباں تاں اک پاسے اوس دے بچن دی امید وی ختم ہوندی جاپی۔ پرجدوں امتحان مک گئے تاں ہولی ہولی اوہدی صحت بحال ہوئی تے کلاس وچ اوہ اٹھویں نمبر تے آئی۔ ایویں دسویں جماعت...

Government Auditors' Capabilities to Detect Fraud and The Factors that Influence Them

Fraud is behavior that is contrary to the law carried out by individuals, both from within and outside the organization, with the intention of gaining personal or group benefit while harming other people. This research aims to determine the influence of professional skepticism, competence, independence and ethics on the auditor's ability to detect fraud. The variables of this research are professional skepticism, competence, independence and ethics as variable This research used census techniques, so the number of samples in this study was 56 people. Data analysis in this study used statistical analysis with Statistical Product and Service for Windows version 26.00 (SPSS version 26). The results of this research show that Professional Skepticism has a significant effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud, Competence has a significant effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud, Independence has a significant effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud, Ethics has a significant effect on the auditor's ability to detect fraud.

Design and Analysis of Shielding Cerrobend Blocks and Investigation of Performance of Thermoluminesce / Photoluminescence-Based Detectors During In-Vivo Dosimetry

The actual dose delivery in radiotherapy is of prime importance, which can only be achieved by using an accurate dosimeter. This work reflects the fabrication of three types of dosimeters that can be applied in radiation dose measurement during radiotherapy and other areas of radiation measurements. LiF is a special material, which when doped with some activators produces a single crystal that acts as a highly sensitive nanophosphor. These nanophosphors have several applications, such as, color center laser, integrated optics and radiation dosimetry. It is widely used in personal dosimetry because of its low energy dependence, tissue equivalency, stability and sensitivity. In this work, we have locally fabricated monocrystalline cubes of LiF doped with Mg, Ti, Dy3+ and Eu3+ by simple chemical coprecipitation method. These dosimeters were annealed at two unique temperatures i.e. at 400ºC and at 600ºC. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, and FESEM, EDX, FTIR for structural and morphological studies. XRD showed the phase of LiF and crystallite size was found around 30 nm. SEM studied the surface morphology of the samples as cubic, while EDX indicated the chemical composition of the nanophosphor. FE-SEM was employed to see the grain and grain boundaries more clearly. Furthermore, FTIR spectra were recorded in order to see the different molecular species and functional groups in these nanophosphors. The spectra revealed the presence of hydroxyl group (–O–H) of the metal hydroxide such as Mg (OH)2, stretching vibrations of rare-earth cations (Dy3+ and Eu3+) and metals oxides, Li-O and Mg-O. To study the PL properties of the two dosimeters (LiF: Mg, Dy3+ and LiF: Eu3+), PL spectroscopy was performed, which confirmed the emission spectra in the visible region of 685 nm for Dy3+and 610 nm for Eu3+. Both emissions occurred in the red portion of electromagnetic spectrum. Finally, the core property of these dosimeters i.e. the TL property was studied from their glow curves. All the obligatory parameters for these dosimeters were carried out; for example, dose sensitivity, dose linearity response, dose fading, dose rate dependency, angle dependency, and energy dependency. The fabricated TLDs and commercially available TLDs were compared both in sensitivity and glow curve peak temperatures. The glow peak temperature was 285 °C to 290 °C while the sensitivity of the fabricated TLDs was about 8 times less than that of commercial ones to lower doses and vice versa. In-vivo dosimetry was performed using Rando-phantom in 5 common radiotherapy treatment sights having Organ at Risk. The OARs were shielded with customized blocks. The shielded OAR dose and the in-field target doses were measured, using the TL dosimeters (LiF: Mg, Ti). The measured dose and the Treatment Planning System (eclipse point dose version) results were compared and both were found well correlated in open areas, and shielded regions.
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