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اردو کے اہم مدونین ( مسعود حسین رضوی ادیب)

اردو کے اہم مدونین
(پروفیسر سید مسعودحسن رضوی ادیب)
سید مسعود حسن ادیب اردو کے بہت بڑے محقق تسلیم کیے جاتے ہیں۔ آپ کی پیدائش ۹ جولائی۱۸۹۳ء ہوئی۔آپ کی تحقیق طرح طرح کے موضوعات پر محیط ہے۔ انہوں نے فائز، میر، غالب اور انیس سے متعلق اہم ، معتبر اور کارآمد معلومات فراہم کیں، مرثیے کی تاریخ کی طرف توجہ کی اور اس کے مواد کی جمع آوری کا مشکل مرحلہ سرکیا، مرثیوں کی تخلیق کے زمانوں اور ان کے متون کی صحیح ترین صورتوں سے واقف کرایا۔ اردو ڈرامے کی ابتدا کے زمانے کا تعین کیا اور اودھ میں اردو ڈرامے کی بنا اور اس کے ارتقا کا تفصیل سے جائزہ لیا۔ اودھ بالخصوص لکھنئو کی تہذیب و ثقافت ، یہاں کے علوم و فنون اور یہاں کے تہذیبی اور ادبی محرکات کا اس حد تک مطالعہ کیا کہ انہیں لکھنویات کا ماہر کہا جانے لگا۔
آپ کی پہلی تالیف کے وقت آپ کی عمر تیرہ سال تھی۔مالی اور مادی وسائل کے اعتبار سے ادیب پر طالب علمی کا یہ دور بہت سخت گزر رہا تھا۔مڈل پاس کرنے کے بعد مزید تعلیم کے لیے ادیب ۱۹۰۸ئمیں ادیب لکھنئو آگئے۔ لکھنئو کی طالب علمی کے اس دور نے ایک طرف ادیب کی ادبی زندگی کو جلا بخشی ، دوسری طرف ان کو اس مٹتے ہوئے شہر اور اس کی ختم ہوتی ہوئی ادبی اور تہذیبی روایات نے مسحور کرنا شروع کردیا۔
سنہ 1915ء سے 1917ء تک وہ کیننگ کالج کے طالب علم رہے اور اس کے بورڈنگ ہاؤس کے ساتھیوں میں علی عباس حسینی اور مرزا حامد حسین وغیرہ ادب کے مطالعے میں غرق رہتے تھے۔ ان میں ادبی موضوعات پر گرما گرم بحثیں ہو تی تھیں۔ جن میں مرزا محمد ہادی رسوا، مولانا بے خود موہانی اور مرزا یاس یگانہ چنگیزی شریک ہو تے تھے۔...

عہد نبوی میں ذرائع کے اسالیب عصر حاضر کے نوجوانوں کے لیے مشعل راہ

Since from the beginning of humanity means of communication have always been an essential need for mankind. To convey the message and to find means to communicate and express one’s thought one needs a mean to transmit the information to others. That is called communication. With the passage of time and advancement communication means also took modern shape and became advance. Islam as a complete code of life, guides humanity in the all fields of sociology, economic, politics, including mass communication. Allah the Almighty sent messengers and Prophets for the guidance of people. So they served the humanity in different periods of time in different areas. Ḥaẓrat Muḥammad (ﷺ) the last prophet of Allah used these means of communication for the prevalence and preaching of Islam, and left behind a remarkable legacy in the field of mass communication for the guidance till dooms day. Where there have been great changes in other fields and professions of life in the advanced world of contemporary era there had become a revolutionary change in the field of media. News all over the world spread in seconds. Media which is the strongest tool to approach people, but sorry to say that it is detracted badly by prevailing wrong values, vulgarity, jealousy and selfishness. There is a dire need to change the direction of noble that so (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet of methodology the towards media values like piousness, self-sacrifices, brotherhood and cooperation should be developed in people and for this purpose youth can play a pivotal and effective role in the field of mass communication. Eyes are looking towards youth of contemporary era to step forward by following our Holy contemporary the how that attempt humble a is article This. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet youth can play its role by using means of communication by taking guidance from Prophetic Era to lead media towards right direction.

An Analysis of Discretionary Approaches of High School Heads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

This research is focused on the analysis of discretionary approaches of high school heads. Discretion is the exercise of judgment, power to do things or to decide when and how to implement for the improvement of individual performance as well as educational institutions efficiency and effectiveness. The study investigated the discretionary: managerial, instructional leadership, disciplinary, conflict mediating, and public dealing approaches of high school heads. The tools of the study were questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Sampling was made by using „Census sampling‟ and „Simple random sampling‟. The pilot study of the research instruments were carried out on content and construct validity. The reliability of the research tools was tested on „Factor analyses‟ and „Cronbach‟s alpha‟. In this study, the data were triangulated by explanatory sequential design of a „Mixed method approach‟ including quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data were collected from 192 heads and 265 working teachers and similarly the qualitative data were collected from 12 District Education Management Personnel and 29 heads of institutions. The quantitative data were analysed on frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and one sample t-test. The qualitative data were analyzed on the suggested method of Mile and Huberman. The key findings of the study indicate that heads make decisions on the basis of observations, plan syllabus for the whole academic year, struggle to achieve long term and short term targets, inform staff about their responsibilities, provide feedback to the staff on the spot, take initiative for controlling the weak areas of discipline, provide guidance to the learners on self-discipline, resolve conflicts through mutual dealing and discussion but there are heads who are inefficient in supervising effective school management, improving instructional strategies, managing school control, carrying out interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community, working for the improvement of the staff and the learners‟ performance, caring for equality and justice with the staff, appreciating the staff efforts and their hard work, utilizing staff potential according to their talent, cooperating with the parents and the community and sharing with them in decision making. The study concludes that heads are efficient in making decisions, achieving desired targets, planning syllabus, providing feedback to the staff but they are found inefficient in organizing school management, improving instructional techniques, managing school discipline, caring for equality and motivation of the staff, making cooperation and interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community. It is recommended that heads may exercise their discretionary powers and approaches willfully: for the effective supervision of schools in order to improve the instructional strategies, managing school control, working for the staff and the learners‟ effective performance, caring for equality and justice with the staff and establishing interpersonal relationship with the parents and the community.
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