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100. Al-‘Adiyat/The Chargers

100. Al-‘Adiyat/The Chargers

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

100:01
a. By the war-horses, charging, snorting, rushing to the battlefield,

100:02
a. striking sparks with their hooves,

100:03
a. and charging by the dawn,

100:04
a. raising a trail of dust,

100:05
a. and storming into the midst of the enemy troops together.

100:06
a. Indeed, the human being has always been ungrateful and grudging to his Rabb - The Lord,

100:07
a. and truly he is a witness to it,

100:08
a. and he is truly very excessive as well as aggressive in his passion for wealth.

100:09
a. But does he not realize what will happen to him when the contents of the graves are thrown out -

100:10
a. and that which is within the hearts will be made known,

100:11
a. at that Time, their Rabb - The Lord will be Fully Aware of them?

یاجوج ماجوج: جدید تعبیرات اور معاصر اقوام پر اطلاق و انطباق: ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ

Gog and Magog Interpretations by Modern Scholars and its Application on Contemporary Nations: An Analytical Study According to the Islamic point of view Gog and Magog (Ya’jūj Ma’jūj), are two such supernatural and aggressive powers that will reveal from some unknown place. According to Islamic sources the two disbelieving powers (tribes) are the children of Yāfith son of Noah. Humanity will affect badly at their severely harmful activities on the earth. In the beginning they were free into some unknown place. The famous king Dhulqarnayn imprisoned them behind an unknown thick wall in human history. There are many conjectures regarding the wall, and it is sometimes considered in any Norwegian country because of too long duration of sunrise in these countries. Their population will be 10 times more than the World’s populations. They will be so much trouble creating nation from the race of Noah (A.S) even Isa (Christ) will take refuge on the mountain of Toor and Muslims will pray Allah to get rid of them. Today some modern Islamic researchers have been claiming that they are in fact, Chines or Russians as we find their resemblance in prophet's traditions. In this article, an attempt has been made to unveil the disputed matter that either they exist in current age in form of living peoples or some hidden which will be revealed before the end of time. The purpose of this research is to revisit different speculations about Gog and Magog as we find them also into the Bible. Many Muslims research took effect from Bible’s concept ignoring the traditions of the prophet and find out many different solutions which, according to me are to be seen into the true and clear facts by Quran and Sunnah.

Synthesis and Application of Calcium Doped Lanthanum Strontium Titanate As Anode Support for Fuel Cell Applications

La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 is a carefully selected composition to provide optimal processing and electrical characteristics for use as an anode support in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In the present study, the optimization of the preparation process of A-site deficient perovskite, La0.2Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 (LSCTA-) powders and their characterization for integration into the SOFC anode supports have been focussed. LSCTA- powder was investigated in different yet connected important aspects using high-tech methods like tape casting, microstructure optimization and testing in symmetrical and button cell set ups. The major part of the present research deals with the process optimization of LSCTA-. A modified Pechini method was successfully applied to produce single phase perovskite at 900 oC. The effect of calcination temperature on the phase, morphology and sintering characteristics was studied using XRD, SEM and dilatometry techniques. The optimal calcination temperature of 1000 oC was selected for further studies as the powder calcined at this temperature displayed a similar sintering profile to commercial 8 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the typical choice for electrolyte. LSCTA- showed an n- type conduction nature where conductivity of a dense LSCTA- specimen sintered in air increased by three orders of magnitude after in-situ reduction in 5% H2/Ar. These encouraging characterization results supported the SOFC anode candidateship of LSCTA-. In the second part of study, the synthesized powder was processed in aqueous tape casting which is a quick and rapid technique to fabricate thin SOFC anodes. Slurry formulation was optimized for both the dense and porous green tapes. The rectangular bars fabricated from green tapes by lamination were sintered and tested for conductivity measurements using van der Pauw set up. The effect of ceria impregnation on the conductivity of porous LSCTA- bars was studied. The conductivity behaviour of porous bars under redox cycling showed a two-stage process that exhibited strong reversibility. For the reduction process, addition of impregnated ceria reduced the onset delay period and increased the apparent rate constant, k values by 30-50% for both stages. The co- impregnation of Ni further resulted in an increase of conductivity of porous bars. Another aspect of the study was the microstructure optimization of LSCTA- tapes. To introduce the porosity in LSCTA- tapes, commercial pore formers like graphite, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and glassy carbon (GC) were used. It was observed that pre-sintering the powder helps to get a good microstructure with commercial pore formers. An interesting feature for inducing porosity in LSCTA- tapes was the synthesis of homogeneous and well dispersed carbon micro spheres (CMS) from an optimized hydrothermal method and their further application as pore formers. As a part of the research, the anode performance of LSCTA- was tested in YSZ electrolyte supported symmetrical cells. The effect of impregnates like ceria (CeO2), gadolinium doped ceria (CGO), with and without Ni, on the performance of symmetrical cells was investigated. It was found that co-impregnation of CeO2 and CGO with Ni have pronounced effect in decreasing the impedance of bare LSCTA- in symmetrical cells. Further, the anode performance was tested in button cells using a three electrode set up. A significant improvement in cell performance could be achieved by optimizing the anode support with various impregnates both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, LSCTA- was doped at B site with Ni (LSCTN) and Fe (LSCTF). The doped compositions offered higher conductivity values than the parent LSCTA-. Compared to pre-reduced LSCTA- having conductivity of 38 S cm-1, the pre reduced 5% Ni doped LSCTA- (LSCTN-5) and 5% Fe doped LSCTA- (LSCTF-5) offered conductivity values of 47 S cm-1 and 66 S cm-1 at 880 oC, respectively. In conclusion, structurally stable LSCTA- could be a good alternative to state of the art SOFC anode exhibiting good mechanical, morphological and electrical properties. Catalyst introduction via impregnation or doping could enhance the electrical and catalytic properties of these perovskites making them viable alternatives for electrochemical applications.
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